The article approaches evaluated and justified proposals for modernization of rent-resource-based economy in Russia. The author believes that special attention should be paid to the rational development of system-territorial space of the country on the basis of neoindustrialization linking advanced technology with the traditional sectors of the economy. Basis for modernization should be primary sector of the economy that needs correction of the tax system in the direction of the reorientation of financial flows from offshore to the development of the domestic industry, the development of agriculture and the social sphere, the condition - minimizing opportunities of rent-seeking behavior of economic and political subjects.
Keywords: modernization, de-industrialization, rent-resource-based economy, integration, region, diversification, rental income, taxes