Specifics of evolution technological entrepreneurship in developing and transition countries

Technological entrepreneurship plays a major role in the national innovation system, but scientific ideas about it are formed mainly on the materials of countries with mature market economies. The aim of the work is to identify the features and main features of the development of technological entrepreneurship in countries with developing and transitional economies (China, India, Central and Eastern Europe). It has been established that the development processes of technological entrepreneurship have always been longterm. It took 20-30 years or more from the initiation of programs and projects of scientific, technical, innovative development. Consequently, technological entrepreneurship develops in an evolutionary way and requires the presence (or emergence) of a large academic sector. Therefore, it is not enough to finance only the objects of innovation infrastructure and support of entrepreneurship. Also, the appearance of technology entrepreneurship is affected by the peculiarities of national innovative demand, under the influence of which it can differ greatly from the realities of countries with mature market economies. In many cases, technological entrepreneurship does not create a new product and market, but serves the existing, not always efficient and progressive industries and socio-economic relations. Various random factors also significantly affect it, up to weather conditions in certain cities. China is the leader among developing and transitional countries. This was determined not only by large resources, including foreign direct investment, but also by the high capacity of the domestic market, the consumer's commitment to local products, and the specific social practice of Guanxi. The third place can be assigned to India, but here technological entrepreneurship is developing in many ways one-sided, deformed due to a rather low level of socioeconomic development. The potential of many technology companies is limited by the fact that their product complements or serves a traditional business and does not create a new one. At the same time, India also has large classical innovation clusters. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the nature of technological entrepreneurship was predetermined by the disparity in academic potential and resource provision. Therefore, technology firms are concentrated in virtual and digital technology entrepreneurship

Keywords: technology entrepreneurship, innovation ecosystem, commercialization, China, India, Central and Eastern Europe.

References

  1. Hurun global unicorn index 2020, in association with Suzhou new district in east China. Hurun research finds 586 unicorns in world, up 92 USA leads China by 233 to 227, making up 79% of world’s unicorns. https://www.hurun.net/EN/Article/Details?num=E0D67D6B2DB5.
  2. L. Watkins-Mathys, J. Foster. Entrepreneurship: the missing ingredient in China’s STIPs?//Entrepreneurship & regional development. An international journal. 2006. Vol. 18. Iss. 3. P. 249-274.
  3. H. Li, Y. Zhang, L. Zhou, W. Zhang. Returnees versus locals: Who perform better in China’s technology entrepreneurship?//Strategic entrepreneurship journal. 2012. Vol. 6. Iss. 9. P. 257-272.
  4. Y. Huang, D. Audretsch, M. Hewitt. Chinese technology transfer policy: the case of the national independent innovation demonstration zone of East Lake//The journal of technology transfer. 2013. Vol. 38. Iss. 12. P. 828-835.
  5. S. Blank. China startup report: The sleeper awakens. The startup grind team. https://medium.com/startup-grind/china-startup-report-the-sleeper-awakens-part-1-of-5-51b8280c83b.
  6. E. Baark. Technology and entrepreneurship in China: commercialization reforms in the science and technology sector//Review of policy research. 2001. Vol. 18. Iss. 1. P. 112-129.
  7. G. Zhang, X. Peng, J. Li. Technological entrepreneurship and policy environment: a case of China//Journal of small business and enterprise development. 2008. Vol. 15. Iss. 4. P. 733-751.
  8. K. Mok, Y. Kan. Promoting entrepreneurship and innovation in China: Enhancing research and transforming university curriculum//Frontiers of education in China. 2013. Vol. 8. Iss. 2. P. 173-197.
  9. P. Meil, H. Salzman. Technological entrepreneurship in India//Journal of entrepreneurship in emerging economies. 2017. Vol. 9. Iss. 1. P. 65-84.
  10. S. Tripathi, M. Brahma/ Emerging markets: An exploration of entrepreneurial models prevalent in India//Technology innovation management review. 2018. Vol. 8. Iss. 1. P. 24-32.
  11. T. Joshi. The dynamics of knowledge sharing in the biotechnology industry: An Indian Perspective//Technology innovation management review. 2018. Vol. 8. Iss. 1. P. 5-15.
  12. R. Chaurasia, M. Bhikajee. Adding entrepreneurship to India’s science, technology & innovation policy//Journal of technology management & innovation. 2016. Vol. 11. Iss. 2. P. 86-103.
  13. V. Mahajan. How Indian companies are using technology to reach new consumers//Harvard business review. 15 October 2020. https://hbr.org/2020/10/how-indian-companiesare-using-technology-to-reach-new-consumers.
  14. M. Subrahmanya. Comparing the entrepreneurial ecosystems for technology startups in Bangalore and Hyderabad, India//Technology innovation management review. 2017. Vol. 7. Iss. 7. P. 47-62.
  15. B. Szabo. How Central Eastern Europe is transforming from outsourcing to a real tech hub//Forbes. 2 October 2013. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2013/10/02/how-central-eastern-europe-is-transforming-from-outsourcing-to-a-real-tech-hub/?sh=12412b581297.
  16. A. Terrisse. What’s up with the CEE? How Eastern Europe’s tech startup ecosystem is booming. https://www.eu-startups.com/2019/11/whats-up-with-the-cee-how-easterneuropes-tech-startup-ecosystem-is-booming.
  17. D. Kayahan. Challenges and opportunities of developing startup ecosystems: Central and Eastern Europe and Turkey example. https://medium.com/startup-intellect/challenges-and-opportunities-of-developing-startup-ecosystems-central-and-eastern-europe-and-759f77a0b1aa.
  18. C. Nacu, S. Avasilcăi. Technological entrepreneurship: Success factors as perceived by potential young entrepreneurs//Advanced materials research. 2014. Vol. 837. P. 639-644.
  19. M. Sołtysik, M. Urbaniec, M. Wojnarowska. Innovation for sustainable entrepreneurship: empirical evidence from the bioeconomy sector in Poland//Administrative sciences. 2019. Vol. 9. Iss. 3. Article number 50.
  20. M. Bojko, A. Knapińska, A. Tomczyńska. Academic entrepreneurship and the research productivity in Poland//Industry and Innovation. 2020. Vol. 27. Iss. 11. P. 1110-1129.
  21. A. Roja. Technology entrepreneurial ecosystems and entrepreneurship in the West Region of Romania//Studia universitatis «Vasile Goldis» Arad – Economics series. 2015. Vol. 25. Iss. 1. P. 40-59.
  22. B. Arogyaswamy, A. Nowak. High tech and societal innovation in Poland: prospects and strategies//East-West journal of economics and business. 2009. Vol. XII. Iss. 1. P. 47-73.

Authors